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The term "rotten borough" refers to a parliamentary borough or constituency in the Kingdom of England (pre-1707), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801), the Kingdom of Ireland (1536–1801) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (from 1801 until their final abolition in 1867) which due to size and population, was "controlled" and used by a patron to exercise undue and unrepresentative influence within parliament.
Today, "rotten borough" is sometimes used to refer to a parliamentary constituency in which one particular political party has such massive support that its candidate is effectively uncontested; a more polite term is "safe seat".