Glossary entry (derived from question below)
Russian term or phrase:
затравка
English translation:
exposure / inoculation
Added to glossary by
Oleg Lozinskiy
Nov 5, 2022 15:50
1 yr ago
26 viewers *
Russian term
United Kingdom
Native in: English (Variant: British) 
Works in: Greek to English, Czech to English, Slovak to English, and 1 more.
затравка
Russian to English
Medical
Medical (general)
From a description of an experiment to determine the effect of cresol and its isomers on lung tissue cells when inhaled.
При ингаляции орто-крезола присутствие последнего в экстрактах из гомогената легких обнаружено на десятый день от начала *затравки* - 1.24 мкг на 1 г сырой ткани. До этого времени, начиная с шестых суток опыта, в экстрактах обнаруживали только аминофенолы.
При ингаляции орто-крезола присутствие последнего в экстрактах из гомогената легких обнаружено на десятый день от начала *затравки* - 1.24 мкг на 1 г сырой ткани. До этого времени, начиная с шестых суток опыта, в экстрактах обнаруживали только аминофенолы.
Proposed translations
(English)
| 3 | inoculation |
Oleg Lozinskiy
|
| 3 | gavage |
Igor Andreev
|
Change log
Nov 21, 2022 14:45: Oleg Lozinskiy Created KOG entry
Proposed translations
3 hrs
Oleg Lozinskiy
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Native in Russian
Russian Federation
There's No Limit to Perfection
Native in: Russian
Works in: English to Russian, Russian to English, English
Related KudoZ points
:
271
Selected
inoculation
Как, например, здесь:
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE EVALUATION OF ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS IN THE AIR ENVIRONMENT (BASED ON THE HYDROXYCUMARIN DERIVATIVE)
An optimal methodological approach was developed for toxicological studies of a glycol solution of a hydroxycoumarin derivative on a «head/nose-only»aerosol exposure system. On the basis of inspection data, signs of intoxication after inhalation inoculation of animals and cases of lethal outcomes were described. The results showed that the CL50 of the glycol solution of the hydroxycoumarin derivative for female and male rats was 2394±30mg/m3 and 3573±80 mg/m3, respectively. The conducted study complements the data on the inhalation toxicity of rodenticides, and the approaches used in the study can be adapted when assessing the toxicity of other groups of substances.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-podhody-k-otse...
А также:
- Comparison of traditional intranasal and aerosol inhalation inoculation of mice with influenza A viruses. July 2015; Virology 481.
- Results: With round-the-clock inhalation inoculation of rats, both binary and ... inhalation of animals depends on the number of components that make up the...
- In terms of body weight of experimental animals, the exposure dose of hexyl ester of ... Under conditions of inhalation inoculation (the maximum
https://www.google.ru/search?q="inhalation inoculation" of a...
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE EVALUATION OF ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS IN THE AIR ENVIRONMENT (BASED ON THE HYDROXYCUMARIN DERIVATIVE)
An optimal methodological approach was developed for toxicological studies of a glycol solution of a hydroxycoumarin derivative on a «head/nose-only»aerosol exposure system. On the basis of inspection data, signs of intoxication after inhalation inoculation of animals and cases of lethal outcomes were described. The results showed that the CL50 of the glycol solution of the hydroxycoumarin derivative for female and male rats was 2394±30mg/m3 and 3573±80 mg/m3, respectively. The conducted study complements the data on the inhalation toxicity of rodenticides, and the approaches used in the study can be adapted when assessing the toxicity of other groups of substances.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-podhody-k-otse...
А также:
- Comparison of traditional intranasal and aerosol inhalation inoculation of mice with influenza A viruses. July 2015; Virology 481.
- Results: With round-the-clock inhalation inoculation of rats, both binary and ... inhalation of animals depends on the number of components that make up the...
- In terms of body weight of experimental animals, the exposure dose of hexyl ester of ... Under conditions of inhalation inoculation (the maximum
https://www.google.ru/search?q="inhalation inoculation" of a...
2 KudoZ points awarded for this answer.
Comment: "Thank you.
In the end, I think "exposure" is the best word to use here. I might use "inoculation" if infectious agents (viruses, bacteria) were involved."
4 hrs
Igor Andreev
Native in Russian
Native in: Russian 
Works in: English to Russian, Ukrainian to Russian, English to Ukrainian
Related KudoZ points
:
64
gavage
Арил тиофосфат: Нарушения функций печени, надпочечников, щитовидной железы, крови и половых органов были замечены у крыс после повторной оральной затравки в больших дозах. При скрининг исследовании воспроизводства / развивающейся токсичности повторная оральная затравка крыс высокой дозой арил тиофосфата привела к материнской токсичности, выраженной в потере помета, уменьшилось количество имплантационных мест и живых детенышей.
https://xn--80aa6ac0a.xn--80aswg/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/...
Aryl thiophosphate: Effects on the liver, adrenals, thyroid, blood and reproductive organs were seen in rats after repeated oral gavage at high doses. In a reproduction/developmental toxicity screening study, repeated oral gavage of rats with the aryl thiophosphate at high doses that produced maternal toxicity resulted in litter loss, decreased number of implantation sites and decreased number of live pups.
https://www.sutaiyo.com/files/files/5fe2159d62137/MOBIL SHC ...
https://xn--80aa6ac0a.xn--80aswg/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/...
Aryl thiophosphate: Effects on the liver, adrenals, thyroid, blood and reproductive organs were seen in rats after repeated oral gavage at high doses. In a reproduction/developmental toxicity screening study, repeated oral gavage of rats with the aryl thiophosphate at high doses that produced maternal toxicity resulted in litter loss, decreased number of implantation sites and decreased number of live pups.
https://www.sutaiyo.com/files/files/5fe2159d62137/MOBIL SHC ...
Discussion
only at high oral doses in animal studies. Limited inhalation studies in
experimental animals exposed to o- and/or p-cresol resulted in adverse effects
on the respiratory tract, blood and liver. Margins of exposure between effect
levels in animal studies and estimates of inhalation exposure to individuals in the
vicinity of industrial sites were considered adequate to address uncertainties in
the health effects and exposure databases.
https://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/6ED0027C-25E9-4BB0-A53F-07DE404...
No mortality nor clinical signs of toxicity were seen
following exposure to saturated vapour concentration of either m-cresol or p-cresol. Inhalation of aerosols may
however cause death, and mean lethal concentrations in rats were reported to be 29 mg/m³ for p-cresol and 58 mg/m³
for m-cresol.
https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/ui/handler.axd?id=e3cf1d97-51f...
Что касается предложенного Вами слова "gavage", то согласно русскоязычной Вики это:
Принуди́тельное кормле́ние — насильственная процедура введения пищи в организм, которая ныне применяется прежде всего для откорма гусей и уток, но также применялась и применяется и к людям, представляя собой практику кормления против их воли. Принудительное кормление осуществляется с помощью специальных трубок (англ. gavage), которые вводят через нос или рот в пищевод.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Принудительное_кормление
А что "гаваж" означает в наши дни можно почитать здесь: https://otvetin.ru/zdorovkrasiv/13626-chto-takoe-gavazh.html
Тогда как в искомом контексте речь идет о преднамеренном введении орто-крезола в организм через дыхательные пути ("инокуляция посредством ингаляции", а не "подверженность воздействию"), после чего его "присутствие" "в экстрактах из гомогената легких" было обнаружено "на десятый день" в концентрации "1,24 мкг на 1 г сырой ткани".
Согласен с Александром, что перевод в данном контексте может быть exposure либо gavage в зависимости от способа воздействия вещества на организм, который использовали: ингаляционная/накожная/пероральная затравка. Exposure - несомненно более общий термин. В данном случае речь об inhalation exposure (см. соотв. раздел https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp34.pdf). Меня только беспокоит использование единиц для выражения дозировки мкг/г, которое характерно для перорального введения, тогда как при ингаляционном должно было бы быть мкг/м3
В настоящее время в документах ВОЗ и других учреждений системы ООН "exposure" обычно переводится как "подверженность воздействию" ч.-л.
А что такое "затравка" на русском объясняет не кандидат околовсяческих наук Венера Ивановна Пустомельская, а, к примеру, Толковый словарь Ушакова:
ЗАТРА́ВКА, затравки, жен.
1. Трубочка с горячим составом, вставленная в буровую скважину для взрыва (горн.).
2. Запал, круглая скважина в огнестрельном оружии, заряжаемом с дула (спец.).
3. Средство для возбуждения чего-нибудь, приманка (прост. фам.). Для затравки выпили по рюмочке.
https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ushakov/813914
- 2. to introduce causative agents of disease
- Process by which infective material is introduced into a culture or the body
- the introduction of a small quantity of material
- The introduction of a small quantity of a disease-causing material
https://www.oxfordreference.com/search?q=inoculation&searchB...
- to implant (a disease agent or antigen) in a person, animal, or plant to produce a disease for study or to stimulate disease resistance.
- to affect or treat (a person, animal, or plant) in this manner.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/inoculate
- the act or process of inoculating;
esp., a. the injection of a disease agent into an animal or plant
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/inocula...
- the act or process or an instance of inoculating
especially : the introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inoculation
- 1. Contact between an organism and a chemical or physical agent , by swallowing, breathing, or direct contact (such as through the skin or eyes). Exposure may be either short term ( acute ) or long term ( chronic ). 2. The degree of wave action on an open shore, which is determined by the fetch and the strength and duration of winds . Compare exposed ; extremely exposed ; sheltered ; ultrasheltered ; very exposed ; very sheltered...
https://www.oxfordreference.com/search?q=exposure&searchBtn=...
- the condition of being exposed to danger, harm, etc.: exposure to toxic mold;exposure to a deadly disease.
+ 14 more definitions
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/exposure
- Exposure to something dangerous means being in a situation where it might affect you.
Exposure to lead is known to damage the brains of young children. [+ to] ...the potential exposure of people to nuclear waste.
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/exposur...
- 1 : the fact or condition of being exposed: such as
c : the condition of being subject to some effect or influence
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exposure
- The amount of a toxic or harmful substance to which a person is exposed. The exposure may be in the form of ingestion, absorption, or inhalation, and may involve both concentration and time of exposure. It also applies to ionizing and thermal radiation. See dose.
- 1 . The variable whose causal effect is to be estimated. Examples of exposures assessed by epidemiological studies are environmental and lifestyle factors, socioeconomic and working conditions, medical treatments, and genetic traits. Exposures may be harmful or beneficial—or even both (e.g., if an immunizable disease is circulating, exposure to immunizing agents helps most recipients but may harm those with adverse reactions to the vaccine).
2 . Proximity and/or contact with a source of a disease agent...
- ...cigarette smoking, or the process by which an agent or a factor such as high blood pressure influences health. Exposure to an agent can have beneficial (i.e., protective), rather than adverse, consequences. See also acute exposure; chronic exposure; intermediate duration exposure.
https://www.oxfordreference.com/search?q=exposure&searchBtn=...
- forced feeding: any means used to get an unwilling or incapacitated patient to take in food by mouth, especially via a stomach tube
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20...
- forced feeding, as by a flexible tube and a force pump
Origin of gavage
1885–90; French, equivalent to gav(er) to stuff (Old French (dial.))
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gavage
- forced feeding by means of a tube inserted into the stomach through the mouth
C19: from French, from gaver, from Old French (dialect) gave throat
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gavage
- introduction of material into the stomach by a tube
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gavage
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/41585/92415...
with its Russian translation:
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/144418/52250...
затравка = exposure or gavage
после затравки матери веществом в концентрации 175 г/мЗ
following maternal exposure to 175 g/m3
,
избытка опухолей при пероральной затравке крыс этим веществом не выявлено.
no excess of tumours was seen in an oral gavage study on rats
Через 15 мин затравки брали пробы крови из сонной артерии
After 15 min of exposure, a blood sample was withdrawn from the carotid artery
Через 1 ч после затравки ХФУ 22 в крови не обнаруживали.
no HCFC 22 could be detected one hour following cessation of exposure.
etc.
https://www.google.com/search?q=" затравка " " животных в...
https://www.multitran.com/m.exe?a=3&sc=448&s=затравка&l1=2&l...
http://www.grsmu.by/files/file/science/mk46.pdf
Установлено, что затравка крыс СCl4, через 24 и 48 час. от
момента введения гепатотропного яда