Glossary entry (derived from question below)
Spanish term or phrase:
progresión delictiva
English translation:
merger doctrine / lesser-included offence (principle)
Added to glossary by
Charles Davis
Apr 12, 2017 09:16
7 yrs ago
11 viewers *
Spanish term
Spain
progresión delictiva
Spanish to English
Law/Patents
Law (general)
Hello everyone
I would be very grateful for your advice on how to translate this legal term. It occurs in a judgment of Spain's Supreme Court, dated 25 April 2005, on what is known as the Ardystil Case, quoted in a judgment on another case I am translating. I would prefer a US equivalent, but it would also be very useful to know what to call it for a UK readership.
The case is about offences against workers' rights (delitos contra los derechos de los trabajadores), in the form of failure to implement adequate risk protection measures, leading in turn to injury and death of workers. The issue here is the merger of offences: whether one is subsumed in another.
Here is the context:
[...] si a consecuencia de la infracción de normas laborales se produce el resultado que se pretendía evitar (muerte o lesiones del trabajador) el delito de resultado absorberá al de peligro (art. 8.3º CP), como una manifestación lógica de la **progresión delictiva**, aunque se podría aplicar el concurso ideal de delitos cuando el resultado producido constituye solamente uno de los posibles resultados de la conducta omisiva del responsable de las medidas de seguridad, y esto último es lo que ha sucedido en el supuesto que examinamos en el presente recurso, ya que la situación de peligro que caracteriza el delito contra la seguridad de los trabajadores ha progresado hasta producir lesiones en los trabajadores cuya protección se pretendía adelantar a través del delito de peligro mencionado, sin embargo, ha existido otros trabajadores cuya situación de grave peligro no se ha concretado en resultado alguno, por lo que no procede apreciar la consunción manteniéndose ambas conductas delictivas con autonomía, en concurso ideal [...]
The whole judgment is here:
https://supremo.vlex.es/vid/delito-imprudencia-temeraria-pa-...
In this book, Criminal Law in Spain by Lorena Bachmaier and Antonio del Moral García, it is called "criminal progression", but I am not very confident that this is suitable.
Many thanks in advance for any ideas.
I would be very grateful for your advice on how to translate this legal term. It occurs in a judgment of Spain's Supreme Court, dated 25 April 2005, on what is known as the Ardystil Case, quoted in a judgment on another case I am translating. I would prefer a US equivalent, but it would also be very useful to know what to call it for a UK readership.
The case is about offences against workers' rights (delitos contra los derechos de los trabajadores), in the form of failure to implement adequate risk protection measures, leading in turn to injury and death of workers. The issue here is the merger of offences: whether one is subsumed in another.
Here is the context:
[...] si a consecuencia de la infracción de normas laborales se produce el resultado que se pretendía evitar (muerte o lesiones del trabajador) el delito de resultado absorberá al de peligro (art. 8.3º CP), como una manifestación lógica de la **progresión delictiva**, aunque se podría aplicar el concurso ideal de delitos cuando el resultado producido constituye solamente uno de los posibles resultados de la conducta omisiva del responsable de las medidas de seguridad, y esto último es lo que ha sucedido en el supuesto que examinamos en el presente recurso, ya que la situación de peligro que caracteriza el delito contra la seguridad de los trabajadores ha progresado hasta producir lesiones en los trabajadores cuya protección se pretendía adelantar a través del delito de peligro mencionado, sin embargo, ha existido otros trabajadores cuya situación de grave peligro no se ha concretado en resultado alguno, por lo que no procede apreciar la consunción manteniéndose ambas conductas delictivas con autonomía, en concurso ideal [...]
The whole judgment is here:
https://supremo.vlex.es/vid/delito-imprudencia-temeraria-pa-...
In this book, Criminal Law in Spain by Lorena Bachmaier and Antonio del Moral García, it is called "criminal progression", but I am not very confident that this is suitable.
Many thanks in advance for any ideas.
Proposed translations
(English)
| 3 +1 | merger doctrine |
Jacob Z. (X)
|
| 4 | criminal evolution |
Michael Powers (PhD)
|
| 3 +1 | progressive criminal behaviour |
AllegroTrans
|
References
| Ref: |
Jane Martin
|
Proposed translations
+1
4 hrs
Selected
merger doctrine
I think this would fit into your quoted text pretty well. The case being described, where the lessor crime is merged into the more serious crime, is a "logical manifestation of the merger doctrine" (una manifestación lógica de la **progresión delictiva**").
They are arguing that the merger doctrine applies for charges related to the workers who were actually injured, but that the lessor charges should still be applied (rather the wholly absorbed/merged) because of the case of workers who were still (criminally) exposed to the risk but without actually being injured (Not implying that you don't understand that part, Charles, just explaining my answer).
I'm not sure about the UK applicability of the term, but this seems to be an understood common law concept and it seems to cover what is being argued in your case:
"Merger Doctrine
In criminal law, if a defendant commits a single act that simultaneously fulfills the definition of two separate offenses, merger will occur. This means that the lesser of the two offences will drop out, and the defendant will only be charged with the greater offense. This prevents double jeopardy problems from arising.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/merger_doctrine
The term "lesser included offenses" may also be relevant for you, and this quote is from the Wikipedia page for that term:
"Merger doctrine
Under the merger doctrine as this term is used in criminal law, lesser included offenses generally merge into the greater offense. Therefore, a person who commits a robbery cannot be convicted of both the robbery and the larceny that was part of it.
Solicitation to commit a crime and attempt to commit a crime, although not strictly speaking lesser included offenses, merge into the completed crime. As an important exception, the crime of conspiracy does not merge into the completed crime."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_included_offense
They are arguing that the merger doctrine applies for charges related to the workers who were actually injured, but that the lessor charges should still be applied (rather the wholly absorbed/merged) because of the case of workers who were still (criminally) exposed to the risk but without actually being injured (Not implying that you don't understand that part, Charles, just explaining my answer).
I'm not sure about the UK applicability of the term, but this seems to be an understood common law concept and it seems to cover what is being argued in your case:
"Merger Doctrine
In criminal law, if a defendant commits a single act that simultaneously fulfills the definition of two separate offenses, merger will occur. This means that the lesser of the two offences will drop out, and the defendant will only be charged with the greater offense. This prevents double jeopardy problems from arising.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/merger_doctrine
The term "lesser included offenses" may also be relevant for you, and this quote is from the Wikipedia page for that term:
"Merger doctrine
Under the merger doctrine as this term is used in criminal law, lesser included offenses generally merge into the greater offense. Therefore, a person who commits a robbery cannot be convicted of both the robbery and the larceny that was part of it.
Solicitation to commit a crime and attempt to commit a crime, although not strictly speaking lesser included offenses, merge into the completed crime. As an important exception, the crime of conspiracy does not merge into the completed crime."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_included_offense
Note from asker:
| Thanks, James! |
Peer comment(s):
| agree |
Robert Carter
: This looks very good, James. It's certainly the only entry worth considering here so far, as the others seem to have misunderstood the concept.
1 hr
|
| neutral |
Sandro Tomasi
: I agree w/ Robert's statements regarding other answers. However, I believe "merger" looks at it from the prism of charges rather than the prism of acts (which lead to charges).
1 hr
|
4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer.
Comment: "Many thanks to Mike, Chris, James, Jane, Sandro and Helena (not forgetting Gallagy and Robert). I am very grateful to all of you for taking the trouble to contribute."
34 mins
Michael Powers (PhD)
United States
United States
Native in English
Specializes in field
United States
US Court Cert. 1980 Ph.D. 1981
Native in: English
Works in: Spanish to English, Portuguese to English, English to Spanish, and 2 more.
Related KudoZ points
:
2038
criminal evolution
About 1,020 results (0.72 seconds)
Search Results
Criminal Evolution and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean
www.insightcrime.org/news.../evolution-crime-violence-latin...
Jun 26, 2014 - Why is Latin America and the Caribbean so violent? InSight Crime Co-director Steven Dudley gave his answer at a recent conference on organized crime and displacement in the region. Criminal organizations have proliferated in recent years in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Missing: definition
[PDF]New Criminal Anthropology, The - Scholarly Commons - Northwestern ...
scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2389...jclc
by Q Saldana - 1933 - Cited by 3 - Related articles
Isn't it true that in criminal evolution from violence to fraud, professional beggary .... He subscribes to the definition of criminal anthropology suggested in 1915 ...
Note on the Hijacker: His Criminal Evolution from Hijinks to Revolution
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1973.tb01155.x/pdf
Note on the Hijacker: His Criminal Evolution from Hijinks to ... to define a spectrum of criminality, is inadequate ... definitions of crime change from time to.
Research – Institute of Criminal Law - KU Leuven
https://www.law.kuleuven.be/strafrecht/english/research.html
The research hypothesis is that a focus on and a sharper definition of the legal .... attention at great scale as a result of their constant violent criminal evolution, ...
Search Results
Criminal Evolution and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean
www.insightcrime.org/news.../evolution-crime-violence-latin...
Jun 26, 2014 - Why is Latin America and the Caribbean so violent? InSight Crime Co-director Steven Dudley gave his answer at a recent conference on organized crime and displacement in the region. Criminal organizations have proliferated in recent years in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Missing: definition
[PDF]New Criminal Anthropology, The - Scholarly Commons - Northwestern ...
scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2389...jclc
by Q Saldana - 1933 - Cited by 3 - Related articles
Isn't it true that in criminal evolution from violence to fraud, professional beggary .... He subscribes to the definition of criminal anthropology suggested in 1915 ...
Note on the Hijacker: His Criminal Evolution from Hijinks to Revolution
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1973.tb01155.x/pdf
Note on the Hijacker: His Criminal Evolution from Hijinks to ... to define a spectrum of criminality, is inadequate ... definitions of crime change from time to.
Research – Institute of Criminal Law - KU Leuven
https://www.law.kuleuven.be/strafrecht/english/research.html
The research hypothesis is that a focus on and a sharper definition of the legal .... attention at great scale as a result of their constant violent criminal evolution, ...
Note from asker:
| Thanks, Mike |
+1
1 hr
AllegroTrans
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Native in English
Specializes in field
United Kingdom
Sensible solutions
Native in: English (Variant: Wessexois) 
Works in: French to English, English, English to French
Related KudoZ points
:
1664
progressive criminal behaviour
An overview of community safety: Blanchardstown - Drugs and Alcohol ...
www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19657/1/Blanchardstown_local_communi...
It is hypothesised that the presence of neighbourhood deterioration and decay provides a catalyst for progressive criminal behaviour (Gaines and Miller, 2008; ...
[PDF]Executive summary - Drugs.ie
www.drugs.ie/.../2014/NACDA_Illicit_drugs_markets_Ireland_2...
The literature also shows that this cycle of alienation and decline can operate as a catalyst for progressive criminal behaviour, thereby intensifying the.
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 2 hrs (2017-04-12 11:36:49 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
or "progressively criminal behaviour" perhaps
www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19657/1/Blanchardstown_local_communi...
It is hypothesised that the presence of neighbourhood deterioration and decay provides a catalyst for progressive criminal behaviour (Gaines and Miller, 2008; ...
[PDF]Executive summary - Drugs.ie
www.drugs.ie/.../2014/NACDA_Illicit_drugs_markets_Ireland_2...
The literature also shows that this cycle of alienation and decline can operate as a catalyst for progressive criminal behaviour, thereby intensifying the.
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 2 hrs (2017-04-12 11:36:49 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
or "progressively criminal behaviour" perhaps
Note from asker:
| Thanks, Chris |
Peer comment(s):
| agree |
Yvonne Gallagher
: yes, I think "progresively... " is less ambiguous. if "progressive" (or "evolution/evolved" for that matter) it could seem like a good thing!
2 hrs
|
Reference comments
22 hrs
Reference:
Ref:
Note from asker:
| Many thanks, Jane, very useful! |
Peer comments on this reference comment:
| agree |
Sandro Tomasi
: Great resource, Jane!
5 hrs
|
|
Thanks Sandro.
|
Discussion
concurso de normas en tanto que se da también cuando una conducta tipificada en
una de ellas absorbe a otra contemplada en otro tipo, lo cierto es que otras veces
menciona esta figura como indicativa del escaso valor que se da a una de las
conductas en comparación con la otra u otras objeto de enjuiciamiento, por lo que
no se sancionan las primeras.
Recordemos que en el concurso de normas habrá que estar a lo indicado en el
artículo 8 C.P.. En el concepto de progresión delictiva se deja de sancionar alguna
de las conductas.
Ejemplo del primer caso (equiparación al concurso de normas) lo encontramos en
la STS 22-10-2013, nº 773/2013, EDJ 2013/201207:
<< El art. 8.3º CP recoge la fórmula lex consumens derogat legi comsumptae, lo que significa que el injusto material de una infracción acoge en sí injustos menores, que se sitúan respecto de ella en una relación cuantitativa de inferioridad, como la falsedad documental en cuanto falta de verdad expresada por escrito, con relación al delito fiscal; o como el homicidio que absorbe las lesiones producidas para causar la muerte....." www.fiscal.es
http://www.proz.com/kudoz/italian_to_english/law_general/426...
And I ended up putting "lesser-included offense principle" (American spelling) for this term. It's worth noting for future reference that although I think "merger doctrine" is a US term, "lesser-included offence" is perfectly good for England and Wales; here is a House of Lords judgment about it:
https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/...
Anyway, thanks again to everyone. Have a good Easter!
I haven't invented the terms but there are so few G-hits when they appear in relation to US labor law or the OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) that it's not worth suggesting an answer.
I've been using words like 'sequential' but I'm afraid I can't find what I'm looking for.
On the other side of the target is the answer that James provides, merger, the absorption of a lesser-included offense into a more serious offense.
Soler states: "Infracciones progresivas.— Tal caso se concreta cuando a la violación de la ley principal se va llegando por grados sucesivos, uno o varios de los cuales pueden ya en sí mismos ser delictuosos; pero los hechos están de tal modo vinculados, que la etapa superior del delito va absorbiendo totalmente a la menor, en su pena y en su tipo o figura."
In one sense, I do believe it is "continuous," but IMO this would apply to two intent crimes. Your context is an intent or fault crime (failure to implement adequate risk protection measures) followed by a fault crime. I cannot imagine that the employer wanted to cause the deaths or injuries of its workers.
I will continue to look. But in the absence of anything material, I would go with Bachmaier and Moral García's "criminal progression."
"Progresión delictiva: comportamientos delictivos que constituyen generalmente estadios intermedios de hechos típicos ulteriores, se ven consumidos por estos (SSTS 520/2009, 14-05, 1493/1999, 21-12).
Ejemplos: los actos preparatorios punibles quedan consumidos por la tentativa; la tentativa queda consumida por la consumación – frente a la opinión de la Jurisprudencia (STS 530/2001, 28-03), parte de la doctrina (García Albero, Maqueda) considera que en estos casos hay una relación de subsidiariedad (tácita)."
http://www.ecrim.es/publications/2010/ConcursoNormas.pdf
https://books.google.es/books?id=ncYScNZiZKgC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA...